vineri, 10 iulie 2015

Editor's note: Today we're featuring back-to-back episodes of Whiteboard Friday from our friends at Stone Temple Consulting. The second episode, "UX, Content Quality, and SEO" from Eric Enge, will be up around 11:30 a.m. in Seattle. Make sure to check back and take a look!

Like many other areas of marketing, SEO incorporates elements of science. It becomes problematic for everyone, though, when theories that haven't been the subject of real scientific rigor are passed off as proven facts. In today's Whiteboard Friday, Stone Temple Consulting's Mark Traphagen is here to teach us a thing or two about the scientific method and how it can be applied to our day-to-day work.

For reference, here's a still of this week's whiteboard.
Click on it to open a high resolution image in a new tab!

Video transcription

Howdy, Mozzers. Mark Traphagen from Stone Temple Consulting here today to share with you how to become a better SEO scientist. We know that SEO is a science in a lot of ways, and everything I'm going to say today applies not only to SEO, but testing things like your AdWords, how does that work, quality scores. There's a lot of different applications you can make in marketing, but we'll focus on the SEO world because that's where we do a lot of testing. What I want to talk to you about today is how that really is a science and how we need to bring better science in it to get better results.

The reason is in astrophysics, things like that we know there's something that they're talking about these days called dark matter, and dark matter is something that we know it's there. It's pretty much accepted that it's there. We can't see it. We can't measure it directly. We don't even know what it is. We can't even imagine what it is yet, and yet we know it's there because we see its effect on things like gravity and mass. Its effects are everywhere. And that's a lot like search engines, isn't it? It's like Google or Bing. We see the effects, but we don't see inside the machine. We don't know exactly what's happening in there.

An artist's depiction of how search engines work.

So what do we do? We do experiments. We do tests to try to figure that out, to see the effects, and from the effects outside we can make better guesses about what's going on inside and do a better job of giving those search engines what they need to connect us with our customers and prospects. That's the goal in the end.

Now, the problem is there's a lot of testing going on out there, a lot of experiments that maybe aren't being run very well. They're not being run according to scientific principles that have been proven over centuries to get the best possible results.

Basic data science in 10 steps

So today I want to give you just very quickly 10 basic things that a real scientist goes through on their way to trying to give you better data. Let's see what we can do with those in our SEO testing in the future.

So let's start with number one. You've got to start with a hypothesis. Your hypothesis is the question that you want to solve. You always start with that, a good question in mind, and it's got to be relatively narrow. You've got to narrow it down to something very specific. Something like how does time on page effect rankings, that's pretty narrow. That's very specific. That's a good question. Might be able to test that. But something like how do social signals effect rankings, that's too broad. You've got to narrow it down. Get it down to one simple question.

Then you choose a variable that you're going to test. Out of all the things that you could do, that you could play with or you could tweak, you should choose one thing or at least a very few things that you're going to tweak and say, "When we tweak this, when we change this, when we do this one thing, what happens? Does it change anything out there in the world that we are looking at?" That's the variable.

The next step is to set a sample group. Where are you going to gather the data from? Where is it going to come from? That's the world that you're working in here. Out of all the possible data that's out there, where are you going to gather your data and how much? That's the small circle within the big circle. Now even though it's smaller, you're probably not going to get all the data in the world. You're not going to scrape every search ranking that's possible or visit every URL.

You've got to ask yourself, "Is it large enough that we're at least going to get some validity?" If I wanted to find out what is the typical person in Seattle and I might walk through just one part of the Moz offices here, I'd get some kind of view. But is that a typical, average person from Seattle? I've been around here at Moz. Probably not. But this was large enough.

Also, it should be randomized as much as possible. Again, going back to that example, if I just stayed here within the walls of Moz and do research about Mozzers, I'd learn a lot about what Mozzers do, what Mozzers think, how they behave. But that may or may not be applicable to the larger world outside, so you randomized.

We want to control. So we've got our sample group. If possible, it's always good to have another sample group that you don't do anything to. You do not manipulate the variable in that group. Now, why do you have that? You have that so that you can say, to some extent, if we saw a change when we manipulated our variable and we did not see it in the control group, the same thing didn't happen, more likely it's not just part of the natural things that happen in the world or in the search engine.

If possible, even better you want to make that what scientists call double blind, which means that even you the experimenter don't know who that control group is out of all the SERPs that you're looking at or whatever it is. As careful as you might be and honest as you might be, you can end up manipulating the results if you know who is who within the test group? It's not going to apply to every test that we do in SEO, but a good thing to have in mind as you work on that.

Next, very quickly, duration. How long does it have to be? Is there sufficient time? If you're just testing like if I share a URL to Google +, how quickly does it get indexed in the SERPs, you might only need a day on that because typically it takes less than a day in that case. But if you're looking at seasonality effects, you might need to go over several years to get a good test on that.

Let's move to the second group here. The sixth thing keep a clean lab. Now what that means is try as much as possible to keep anything that might be dirtying your results, any kind of variables creeping in that you didn't want to have in the test. Hard to do, especially in what we're testing, but do the best you can to keep out the dirt.

Manipulate only one variable. Out of all the things that you could tweak or change choose one thing or a very small set of things. That will give more accuracy to your test. The more variables that you change, the more other effects and inner effects that are going to happen that you may not be accounting for and are going to muddy your results.

Make sure you have statistical validity when you go to analyze those results. Now that's beyond the scope of this little talk, but you can read up on that. Or even better, if you are able to, hire somebody or work with somebody who is a trained data scientist or has training in statistics so they can look at your evaluation and say the correlations or whatever you're seeing, "Does it have a statistical significance?" Very important.

Transparency. As much as possible, share with the world your data set, your full results, your methodology. What did you do? How did you set up the study? That's going to be important to our last step here, which is replication and falsification, one of the most important parts of any scientific process.

So what you want to invite is, hey we did this study. We did this test. Here's what we found. Here's how we did it. Here's the data. If other people ask the same question again and run the same kind of test, do they get the same results? Somebody runs it again, do they get the same results? Even better, if you have some people out there who say, "I don't think you're right about that because I think you missed this, and I'm going to throw this in and see what happens," aha they falsify. That might make you feel like you failed, but it's success because in the end what are we after? We're after the truth about what really works.

Think about your next test, your next experiment that you do. How can you apply these 10 principles to do better testing, get better results, and have better marketing? Thanks.

Video transcription by Speechpad.com

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Seth's Blog : Happy birthday

Happy birthday

When I was fifteen, I wanted a bike for my birthday. I dropped a few hints, and about a week before the day, I asked my mom for a hint as to what I could expect. "Well," she said, "it has feathers."

I was getting a parrot.

What could be cooler than a parrot? Alas, I got a down blanket. Can't win them all.

Today's my 55th, and it would be great if you wouldn't send me a gift, a card or even an email. Not because I have birthday issues, but because I think we might be able to plant the seed for a very significant culture change, something bigger than a bike.

Is it possible for your birthday to change the world?

Instead of dropping me a note, I'm hoping you'll join 5,000 other blog readers and give your birthday to charity:water. (Note: I'm not asking you to make a donation, at least not at first. Something more difficult but important: I want you to start a change in our culture with just a few clicks. Read on...)

This might sound a bit familiar. Five years ago, I gave away my birthday and asked you, my astonishingly generous readers, to make a donation. We ended up raising nearly $40,000 (and it's gone up since then) and ten villages, families with children, now have water as a result (try to imagine going just two days without clean water...)

The donations made a difference, but let's go further and establish a pattern, a standard where lots and lots of people give away their birthdays. What if it becomes normal for everyone over 22 years old to ask for donations instead of presents or cards?

So far, 65,000 people have given their birthdays. But with just three generations of friends telling friends can take that up by a factor of ten. 5,000 people telling ten people telling ten people, and we'd change the world.

5,000 people pledging to give their birthdays to charity:water would mean that when your birthday rolls around, you'd ask the people in your life to give their birthdays to charity:water as well. And then a few months later, they'd ask the people in their lives... In just a few cycles, perhaps we could change the expectation of birthdays from, "I'd like a bike," to, "Can we save someone's life?"

The mechanics are simple: go to this page and sign up to donate your birthday. While you're there, I hope you'll consider donating $10 (I'll match the $10 donation from each reader who pitches in). Done.

One more bonus, in case changing the culture and saving lives isn't enough: if 1,000 people sign up to share their birthdays today, I'll update this post tomorrow and release the audio from a speech about bravery (a recent gig I did for Endeavor) on the bottom of this post...

Change the culture, change the world.

Thanks. And happy birthday. Even better than a parrot.

• Email to a friend •

joi, 9 iulie 2015

Mish's Global Economic Trend Analysis

Obama's Time Machine: Can He Really Turn Back the Clock?
Drachma Sightings Appear on Hotel Bill
Ready to Compromise?
Greece Connects with Russia, Unveils €2 Billion Gas Deal; Germans in Rift with Eurozone; Did France Save Europe?
German Finance Minister Proposes Greece for Puerto Rico Trade: Should US Accept the Offer?
Absurd IMF Warning on US Rate Hikes

Obama's Time Machine: Can He Really Turn Back the Clock?

Posted: 09 Jul 2015 05:49 PM PDT

Time Machines Appear in Brussels

Via the magic of time machines, it appears that midnight three weeks ago has still not arrived.

I say that because the midnight hour for a Greek deal came and went weeks ago. Yet, this evening, the New York Times says Greece Submits 11th-Hour Bailout Proposal to Creditors.

Only a day after grim predictions of financial and social collapse in Greece, a scramble appeared underway to work out the details of a new bailout package to bring the country back from the brink.

Germany's truculent finance minister, Wolfgang Schäuble, finally gave a little on debt relief for Greece, admitting Thursday that "debt sustainability is not feasible without a haircut," or writedown of debt.

Donald Tusk, the prime minister of Poland and the president of the European Council, said on Twitter that any "realistic proposal from Athens needs to be matched by realistic proposal from creditors on debt sustainability to create win-win situation."

What was breathtaking, however, was how in a matter of hours the entire dynamic in the Greek crisis seemed to shift, from apocalyptic warnings of a Zimbabwe in the Balkans, to a fresh optimism that the basics of a deal could be worked out.

The question now is whether that apparent change of heart reflected a new political determination to cut a deal that keeps Greece in the eurozone.

Breathtaking About Face! Forward March!

Tspiras can likely force anything through Greek parliament following the massive "No" campaign.

But how does one explain the sudden "about face" by Wolfgang Schäuble?

The New York Times offers this explanation: "There is a group of people who have been sent to help the Greeks, to try to transform words into action," said a French government official with knowledge of the effort.

Group of People?

Hmm. Who can that "group of people" be at this hour (whatever hour it may be) other than the US?

It would not surprise me in the least if the US guaranteed Greek debt.

"France refuses that Greece leaves the eurozone in the name of our position and our commitments," he [French prime minister Manuel Valls] told lawmakers in the National Assembly on Wednesday in a speech that was broadcast live on Greek television.

Valls also suggested that Mr. Tsipras's most pivotal request — a program to make Greece's mountainous debt more sustainable — be taken seriously by other European countries as part of any deal. Until recently, that has been nearly a taboo idea in Europe's halls of power, since European taxpayers are currently on the hook if Greece defaults on its debts.

"There can be no taboos. It is essential to establish a sustainable trajectory for Greek debt in the coming years," Mr. Valls said.

Even German Vice Chancellor Sigmar Gabriel, is in on the about-face act. Yesterday the Financial Times reported Alexis Tsipras loses Sigmar Gabriel, his last best hope in Germany.

"Alexis Tsipras had pulled down the last bridges over which Europe and Greece could have moved to a compromise."

Today Gabriel says "It's not a case of bringing Alexis Tsipras to his knees, but it is certainly not that Europe should be brought to its knees."

Obama Calls

"In a flurry of recent phone calls with the French, German and Greek leaders, President Obama and Treasury Secretary Jack Lew have pressed all sides to come to a deal that would avoid a breakup of the eurozone."

The US concern clearly is NATO and Russia. The US does not want Greece to fall into Russian hands.

If there is a deal, the US is behind it.

Deal or no deal, what the hell did Obama promise or threaten to cause this miraculous reversal by Schäuble, Tusk, Gabriel and others?

That's what I want to know.

Mike "Mish" Shedlock
http://globaleconomicanalysis.blogspot.com

Drachma Sightings Appear on Hotel Bill

Posted: 09 Jul 2015 04:48 PM PDT

Credit card processors have been planning, and are prepared for a return to the drachma.

Bloomberg reports Long-Feared Currency Makes Fleeting Appearance on Reporter's Bill.

Between June 28 and July 4 at a Hilton hotel in Athens, transactions on a Bloomberg reporter's Visa credit card issued by Citigroup Inc. were posted as being carried out in "Drachma EQ."

When Bloomberg sought information, the bill was magically changed.

Citigroup and Visa Inc. declined to comment. A Hilton Worldwide Holdings Inc. spokeswoman said that the Athens hotel had billed the customer in euros, not drachmas.

Bloomberg notes "Each time a consumer swipes a card, information passes between four parties: a merchant, the merchant's bank, a network like Visa or MasterCard Inc. and the consumer's bank."

Since Hilton declined to provide the name of its acquirer, we do not know precisely who is testing what.

Regardless, we do know major credit card companies are prepared for Grexit.

Mike "Mish" Shedlock
http://globaleconomicanalysis.blogspot.com

Ready to Compromise?

Posted: 09 Jul 2015 02:11 PM PDT

The Greece cabinet is ready compromise on tax hikes and pensions. But what does "compromise" really mean? Will Germany go along?

The devil is in the details and we have no details.

But we do have this headline Tsipras Seeks to Rush Austerity Package Through Greek Parliament.

The Greek government is preparing to rush a package of economic reforms and austerity measures through parliament as early as Friday in a bid to convince its eurozone creditors it is committed to striking a deal for a third bailout that would save it from crashing out of the euro.

Greece's cabinet approved the plan, which includes increases in value added tax and savings from public pensions demanded by creditors, on Thursday evening before sending it to eurozone authorities.

"We are ready to compromise," Greek prime minister Alexis Tsipras told his cabinet colleagues, Greek media reported.

But Mr Tsipras could see his anti-austerity Syriza party split over the promised reforms. Greek media reported that Panagiotis Lafazanis, energy minister and leader of the hard-left faction, told his cabinet colleagues he could not support the plan. Syriza is to hold a meeting of its MPs early on Friday morning.

Creditors are waiting for detailed reform proposals from Athens before deciding whether the Syriza-led government has given enough ground to restart bailout talks. If eurozone finance ministers meeting on Saturday conclude that Athens has not gone far enough, European leaders will gather the next day to make preparations for its exit from the euro.

Donald Tusk, the European Council president who has been among the toughest critics of Athens' prevarication in recent weeks, said he had spoken to Mr Tsipras on Thursday and agreed any bailout deal should include debt relief for Greece.

"I hope that today we will receive concrete and realistic proposals of reforms from Athens," Mr Tusk said. "The realistic proposal from Greece will have to be matched by an equally realistic proposal on debt sustainability from the creditors. Only then will we have a win-win situation."

Valdis Dombrovskis, the European Commission vice-president overseeing its response to the Greek crisis, said "there is some willingness to look at this issue" in the bloc. Debt relief was unlikely to come in the form of a "haircut", however, and more likely via an extension of the timeframe in which Greece would have to repay its debts to fellow eurozone members.

But Mr Schäuble said the leeway for further debt relief for Greece — after a restructuring in 2012 — was "very low".

Michel Sapin, France's finance minister, urged his eurozone counterparts not to underestimate the costs of Grexit.

"What's costlier? That Greece exits the eurozone and defaults on all its debt? Asking the question is answering it," Mr Sapin told Radio Classique on Thursday. "A deal is the best solution for Greece and Europe."

Clearly some ministers are ready to compromise, others much less so. But we do not have specific proposals and Greece needs another 60 billion euros or so according to the IMF.

Is Germany ready for compromise? The Greek parliament? The eurozone finance ministers?

If the answer to all three is yes, then we have a deal, and likely a better one for Greece than it had two weeks ago.

But will it be a good deal?

I suggest no. Greece is better off doing needed reforms and simply declaring all of the debt fostered on it as "odious".

If another deal is signed, Greece will remain a hostage, with terms yet to be seen.

Mike "Mish" Shedlock
http://globaleconomicanalysis.blogspot.com

Greece Connects with Russia, Unveils €2 Billion Gas Deal; Germans in Rift with Eurozone; Did France Save Europe?

Posted: 09 Jul 2015 11:45 AM PDT

Yesterday, US treasury Secretary Jack Lew and International Monetary Fund managing director Christine Lagarde Pressured Eurozone Ministers to Grant Debt Relief to Greece.

Today, the Telegraph reports Germans in Rift with the Rest of Europe Over Debt Relief as Greek Reforms Ready 'Within Hours'.

Did France Save Europe?

The Telegraph has no details, just a catchy headline. The subtitle is interesting though.

The day France saved Europe?

Today has been a day for the French. In fact, most of this week has seen the French make concerted diplomatic efforts to ensure Greece gets a deal to stay in the eurozone. PM Valls, economy minister Macron, finance minister Sapin, and former finance minister Moscovici have all pitched in to various degrees to pull the European project back from the brink.

IMF Won't Give Debt Relief

I am curious as to how France could save anything by itself. Here are a couple more snips:

IMF's chief economist, Olivier Blanchard, delivered his final press conference at the head of the Fund's reseach department earlier today.

Mr Blanchard, who has advocated for debt relief for Greece, is pressed on why the IMF is not willing to take a haircut on the €22bn they have loaned to Greece, despite urging the rest of Europe to do so.

"The IMF has rules and in general we should question rules, but the rules are good ones," said the Frenchman.

Merkel Moves

Is Merkel making a move on Greek debt?<

Angela Merkel has been in Kosovo today. She said that a classic "haircut" on loans to Greece was out of the question. Ms Merkel faces a fight to pass through a new bail-out for Greece through her parliament, which as the ESM's largest creditor, holds a blocking minority vote.

But, Ms Merkel today did not take as hard a stance as we've heard from her finance ministry. She said:

"In 2012 we dealt with the issue of debt sustainability. We stretched out the maturities, we pushed back the repayment requirement for EFSF loans out to 2020. So we are not dealing with debt sustainability for the first time," Merkel said when asked about differences with the International Monetary Fund (IMF) over a debt writedown for Greece, report Reuters.

"I have said that a classic haircut is out of the question for me and that hasn't changed between yesterday and today."

The reference to a "classic" haircut suggests Berlin will not mandate any debt forgiveness which would immediately write-off a portion of Greece's €330bn debt mountain. But, her comments on extending maturities - or "reprofiling" in the jargon - are softer. As she says, the Germans have been here before and signed up to such relief measures only three years ago...

Rumor Mill

I am unconvinced of anything above. All I see is rumors and fear.

If there is "debt relief", loan extensions, and another bailout, then Germany will have to sign off on it.

Recall that another €60 billion or so is needed. Will the German parliament approve?

And if Greece gets relief, Portugal and Ireland will want a better deal too.

Russia the Concern

If there is a deal, it will be for one reason only: Fear of driving Greece into the hands of Russia.

Just today, Greek Energy Minister Unveils Plan for €2bn Gas Deal with Russia.

Greece has mapped out details of a planned landmark €2bn gas project with Russia in a move that could stir tensions with Brussels just as Athens is seeking a third bailout.

Panayotis Lafazanis, the firebrand leftist energy minister, presented preliminary plans for the project to Greek energy executives in Athens on Thursday in a defiant speech, vowing the government would not be pushed around by EU institutions.

The promised deal with Russia is a sharp rebuke to Brussels, which wants to reduce EU dependence on Gazprom and argues that southeastern Europe should diversify its supply by prioritising gas from Azerbaijan.

Opening his remarks with pugnacious references to the eurozone crisis, Mr Lafazanis said Greece was aiming to secure a deal with Brussels as quickly as possible. But he warned EU institutions that Athens was not about to roll over.

"Greece is no one's hostage," he said. "The Greek people's No vote, and I am referring to all of the people, is not going to become a humiliating Yes. Greece is not, under threat of execution, ready to accept any fait accompli."

No One's Hostage

If another deal is signed, Greece will remain a hostage. It's as clear as that.

Mike "Mish" Shedlock
http://globaleconomicanalysis.blogspot.com

German Finance Minister Proposes Greece for Puerto Rico Trade: Should US Accept the Offer?

Posted: 09 Jul 2015 10:36 AM PDT

German finance minister Wolfgang Schäuble has a sense of humor. Today he said to U.S. Treasury Secretary Jacob Lew: I'll Trade You Greece for Puerto Rico.

Who knew Wolfgang Schäuble, Germany's prickly finance minister, had a sense of humor?

At a news conference on Thursday, Schäuble chided U.S. policy makers, who have been urging Greece and its creditors to agree on a new bailout, saying they didn't understand why a ban on bailouts is vital for the functionality of a currency union.

Schäuble then shared a proposition he had made to U.S. Treasury Secretary Jacob Lew: The eurozone would take in Puerto Rico, if the U.S. would allow Greece to adopt the U.S. dollar. Dow Jones Newswires reported on the news conference.

Assume for a second the offer is legitimate. Should the US accept it?

MarketWatch Answer

The Puerto Rican government's debt-to-GDP ratio is about 60%. But if you include the island's unfunded pension liabilities and the debt of its public enterprises, that figure rises to about 150%, according to data provided by Goldman Sachs.

Greece owes 315.5 billion euros in sovereign debt, which equals 177% of its 2014 GDP, according to Eurostat data.

So judging by the figures alone, the trade would be a winner for the eurozone.

MarketWatch Blew It

Actually, the trade would be a good deal for the US. The key is in the wording of the proposal.

The Eurozone would be stuck with all of Puerto Rico's debt while Greece "adopted" the US dollar.

Technically speaking, Greece could "adopt" the US dollar today.

Schäuble never said that the US would have to bail out Greece, Nor did he say Greeks would have the ability to print US dollars.

So how would it work then?

The answer is the same way it does in Zimbabwe. Recall that Zimbabwe phased out local currency at 35 quadrillion to US$1.

Zimbabwe has started retiring its almost worthless local currency in favor of the US dollar. Today, 35 quadrillion Zimbabwean dollars are equal to US $1, as a result of hyperinflation which hit the country in 2009.

The demonetization process of the Zimbabwe dollar started on Monday and will run till September 30.

People with accounts of up to 175 quadrillion (175,000,000,000,000,000) Zimbabwean dollars will be paid $5. Those who preserved bills at home will receive a rate of 250 trillion to $1 for their 2008-issued notes and 250 to $1 for their 2009-issued notes.

Zimbabwe has been using the US dollar since 2009 when the use of the Zimbabwean dollar was abandoned. A multi-currency system has been in operation for the last six years, with the South African rand and US dollar in use since 2009 and the Chinese yuan, Australian dollar, Japanese yen and the Indian rupee joining the list of accepted currencies in 2014. Formally, the national currency was also in circulation although Zimbabwean dollars were marginally used, mostly as souvenirs for their gargantuan denominations.

Zimbawbe Adoption

Zimbabwe "adopted" the US dollar in 2009. Technically, nothing stops Greece from doing the same today. Practically speaking, Greece would run out of dollars just as it ran out of euros, but that would not be our problem.

So here is the bottom line: In return for absolutely nothing, Schäuble proposed the "eurozone would take in Puerto Rico".

Economically speaking, we should accept the offer as proposed.

Mike "Mish" Shedlock
http://globaleconomicanalysis.blogspot.com

Absurd IMF Warning on US Rate Hikes

Posted: 09 Jul 2015 12:59 AM PDT

The IMF has only one legitimate purpose that I can figure out: To continually write position papers and articles silly enough to keep bloggers loaded with material for rebuttal.

The Wall Street Journal provides a case in point with IMF: U.S. Economy at Risk of Stalling Next Year if Fed Raises Rates Prematurely.

"The Federal Reserve risks stalling the U.S. economy by raising interest rates too early, the International Monetary Fund warned Tuesday as it detailed its call for the central bank to delay a move until 2016."

The idea that a single rate hike or two would sink the economy now but not in 2016 is of course ridiculous.

The IMF's primary concern is the rising US dollar.

If investors continue to plow into dollar assets, particularly given weaknesses in Europe, China and other emerging markets, "growth could be significantly debilitated," the fund warned. The IMF estimates each 5% appreciation of the dollar could cut a half-percentage point off U.S. growth.

The IMF wants a weaker dollar for the US and a weaker euro for Europe. How's that supposed to happen?

The IMF is also worried about China. Does it want a weaker yuan too?

Obvious Problem

The problem should be obvious, but obviously it isn't, so I will spell it out: It's mathematically impossible for every currency to depreciate against each other simultaneously.

Credibility

The IMF is worried about the loss of credibility if the Fed hikes now and has to reverse later.

"Both the European Central Bank and Sweden's Riksbank were forced into rate reversals in 2011, and the Bank of Japan seesawed through rate moves in the 1990s and 2000, fund economists noted. Such an about-face puts the Fed's all-important credibility at stake, the IMF said."

In reality, there is not a central bank on the planet that has any credibility. Bubble after bubble is the norm. The Fed failed to predict the dotcom bust, the housing boom, the housing bust, or the great recession.

The Fed has no credibility to lose. But the Fed does have good company. The credibility of the IMF is nonexistent as well.

The number of global GDP downgrades by the IMF is staggering. Heck, for years on end the IMF could not even get Greece correct. Greece missed countless IMF GDP estimates.

IMF Admits Greece Needs Debt Restructuring

At long last, the IMF admits what any person with half a brain knew half a decade ago: Greece Will Need Debt Restructuring.

"Greece is in a situation of acute crisis, which needs to be addressed seriously and promptly," Ms Lagarde said. Getting out of that crisis would take both reforms by Athens and a "debt restructuring", she said.

That's actually the first solid statement by Lagarde in years that I agree with. The irony is the eurozone ministers, Germany, and the creditors don't want to go along with it.

Mike "Mish" Shedlock
http://globaleconomicanalysis.blogspot.com

Seth's Blog : Debt

Debt

Greece. Puerto Rico. Student loans. Mortgages.

The forces of debt are reshaping the world, creating dislocations and crises on a regular basis. And yet, few of us really understand how debt works.

Not the debt of, "can I borrow five dollars?" but the debt of corporations, nations and bureaucratic bodies. What's debt, really? What is money, and which came first?

The most fascinating book I've read all year is Debt, by David Graeber. (The audio is highly recommended).

Debt is older than money, and money was probably invented not to help the imaginary harried merchant who is struggling with barter (what? you want to trade your sheep for my muffins? but I don't need sheep!) but instead to enable nation states to feed their armies, and for individuals to trade debts with one another.

[His army insight: The easiest way to feed an army is to invent a coin, then require all your citizens to pay taxes in that coin, a coin they can only get by trading. Then give a bunch of coins to your soldiers. Bingo.]

From this surprising beginning, Graeber takes us on a tour that covers 10,000 years. He talks about the origins of slavery as well as the inequities caused by the World Bank and the IMF. One simple example: If a dictator runs up a huge debt and then absconds with the money, are the citizens of that nation responsible? For how much? For how long? Should they be put into peonage, they and their children and all of their descendants?

If a mortgage is overdue, is it better to kick people out of the house and watch the neighborhood descend into rubble?

If 10 million Americans are overwhelmed with student debt they can't repay, what should we do then?

If the purpose of inter-country loans is to foster growth as well as international relations and trade, how does bankrupting and isolating an entire country when they can't pay accomplish this?

Or consider a much smaller example of how the world's most profitable profession can change even simple elements of user experience and customer satisfaction: Every time I pay for something with Paypal, I'm interrupted by a window insisting that I should pay for this item on credit, instead of using my balance. And every time, I close this window. Paypal knows this. And yet, they continue to interrupt millions of people a day, intentionally breaking their already weak user experience, because the idea of putting more people into more credit card debt is so financially seductive.

A key tenet of our culture is, "you must pay your debts." Debt makes us think about what this simple sentence means. Even if your instinct is to answer with, "of course everyone should pay their debts," the next question is obvious: How should we deal with nations and peoples who can't? How far do we go?

I can't do Graeber's book justice in a blog post, but I want to point it out to anyone who wants to understand the acceptance and future of bitcoin, the changing wealth of nations or why countries still own tons and tons of gold. Mostly, knowing how we got here makes it a lot easier to figure out where we might head next.

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